感谢您关注“永大英语”!
问“故”思新——运用开放性问题培养初中生思维品质的有效途径
杨聪聪 罗晓杰
摘要:作为初中生思维品质培养的重要阵地,英语故事受到中学英语教师的广泛青睐。在故事教学中,开放性问题承担着启迪学生智慧、发展学生思维品质的重要作用。本文通过课堂观察和话语分析,呈现师生互动话语片段,例谈如何在故事教学中设置应用型、分析型、综合型、评价型等开放性问题,发展初中生思维的灵活性、批判性、独创性和深刻性。
关键词:开放性问题;思维品质;初中英语;故事教学;
一、引言
故事因其趣味性和思想性,一直受到广大中学英语教师的青睐。故事教学能够提高初中生英语学习兴趣,提高语言知识学习和语言技能发展的效率。近十年来,挖掘英语故事的思想性,提升学生道德品质的教学案例也层出不穷。随着英语学科核心素养的落地,一线教师利用故事教学发展学生思维品质的实践探索也逐渐增多。有在不同课型中运用英语故事进行英语思维的启蒙教育(谢丽君,2018;林文衡,2018),有在故事教学的各个阶段渗透思维品质的培养(王洪霞,2017;沈伟力、牟金江,2017),有探索故事教学培养学生批判性思维的有效途径(韩笑雨,2018;常冬雪、张海燕,2017)。
尽管如此,目前仍有许多初中英语教师在故事教学中,仅关注故事的趣味性,只利用英语故事辅助语言知识的呈现、操练与巩固,却忽视了故事的思想性及其对发展初中生思维品质的重要作用。观察初中英语故事教学发现,少有教师在学生基本理解故事情节、初步掌握相关语言知识和技能后设置开放性问题,直接指向提升学生思维灵活性、批判性、独创性和深刻性的开放性问题的实践探索更是鲜少有之。缺少开放性问题的设置,导致初中英语故事教学中思维品质培养的欠缺,英语学科核心素养落实不够到位。因此,如何在故事教学中有效设置开放性问题,以促进初中生思维品质的发展,应该成为初中英语故事教学研究的重要课题,也是本文的重要关切。
二、开放性问题在初中生思维品质发展过程中的作用
(一)思维品质
“思维品质”这一概念最早由美国心理学家Guilford(1959)提出,并着重研究了思维的灵活性、发散性和创造性(转引自杨泽飞,2017:4)。而后,我国著名心理学家林崇德(2006)将“思维品质”定义为个体思维的差异和特征,并将思维品质具体划分为敏捷性、深刻性、灵活性、独创性、批判性等五个方面。2016年,我国英语教育专家鲁子问结合英汉两种语言的思维差异,提出英语教育应发展学生思维的准确性、深刻性、灵活性、批判性、开放性和创造性,并对这六种思维品质的培养进行了说明。国内外对思维品质的研究层出不穷且各有不同。
综上,心理学专家和英语教师们强调最多的思维品质为灵活性、批判性、独创性和深刻性。在英语教学中,思维的灵活性是指“学生思考问题或谈论话题的角度、方法和过程的灵活程度”(蒋健妹、秦益锋,2016:36);思维的批判性是指“思维活动中善于严格估计思维材料和精细地检查思维过程的智力品质”;思维的独创性是指主体能够对原有的知识进行概括、迁移和重组,独立思考,创造性地解决问题;思维的深刻性是指“思维活动的广度、深度和难度”,考察学生的抽象逻辑(林崇德,2006:36)。
(二)开放性问题
问题是重要的教师话语之一,基于教材的问题能有效地提高学生的知识水平和成就水平(Hunkins, 1968)。根据问题的伸缩性,Davis (1981) 将问题分为封闭性问题和开放性问题。其中,封闭性问题的答案来自文本,具有确定性和单一性,而开放性问题答案多样化,需要学生结合个人体验,发挥想象力(转引自李静,2014)。根据问题的认知层次,美国教育家Turney根据Bloom的《教育目标分类学》,创设了“布鲁姆—特内教学提问模式”,提出六种问题类型:知识型问题、理解型问题、应用型问题、分析型问题、综合型问题和评价型问题(转引自胡芳芳,2017)。前两类问题对答案的预知程度和学生对文本的依赖程度较强,属于封闭性问题;后四类问题指向开放性答案,思维参与量大,考察的认知能力更为复杂,属于开放性问题。
就初中故事阅读课而言,开放性问题大多出现在故事教学的读中和读后阶段,出现在教师与学生就文本内容进行深入挖掘和拓展的阶段。开放性问题对故事文本的依赖程度较小,在文中找不到现成答案,初中生需要基于文本意义和个人体验,应用、分析、综合、评价并得出结论。事实上,在初中故事教学中,开放性问题经常成为课堂教学高潮的起点。学生就故事的人物、情节或主题发表自己的观点,获得深刻的思想启迪。由于开放性问题对文本依赖程度小和允许独立思考等特点,回答此类问题需要更多的思维参与,更有利于促进初中生发展深层的思考能力,培养优秀的思维品质。
三、巧设开放性问题,寓思维品质培养于故事阅读教学
为了探索初中故事阅读课中开放性问题对学生思维品质发展的推动作用,本文罗列了包含各类型开放性问题的故事阅读课堂片段,以探讨开放性问题对发展初中生思维品质发展的促进作用。
(一)举一反三,关注思维的灵活性
思维的灵活性,即学生思维活动的发散程度,表现为学生思维的起点和过程灵活,迁移能力强,善于变化角度分析问题(林崇德,2006)。因此,教师可以在故事教学中设计应用型问题,提供一个范例支架,帮助学生打开思路,并对学生的解答进行积极的反馈,鼓励学生从多种角度思考问题,选择最佳解决方案,从而摆脱思维定势,培养思维的灵活性。案例如下:
案例一
在The Christmas Gift故事中,一对相爱的情侣在圣诞节时为了给对方凑钱买礼物,卖掉了自己最珍爱的东西。Jim为了给Della买精美的梳子当掉了自己祖传的金表,Della为了给Jim买相配的表链剪去了自己飘逸的秀发。在分析完巧合出现的原因是他们相爱并深知对方所爱后,教师设置一个开放性问题,询问学生他们会给家人和朋友准备怎样的圣诞礼物。
T: Jim and Della sold what they loved to buy presents for whom they loved.
So boys and girls, Christmas is coming, what will you buy for your parents or friends?
What will you buy for your best friend? OK, that girl please!
S1: I will buy her a ticket to Jay’s concert.
T: Because?
S2: Because Jay is her favorite singer.
T: Because you want to buy her what she loves, right? She will love it!
What will you buy for your mother? That girl, please.
S3: I will buy her a wool scarf, because she always hates the cold wind in the winter.
T: Thank you. That’s a good choice. You can buy her what she needs. What about you?
S4: I choose to study hard and give my good grades as a gift to my mom.
T: Oh, really? If you want to give such a gift, what will you pay?
S4: Time. But my mom loves me best, and she wants me to study hard.
T: So nice of you! Your mother will be really happy to see your hard work and good grades!
So guys, for whom we love, we are willing to pay what we have, and give them what they love or what they need.
在这个片段中,教师首先提出一个始发问题“圣诞节就要到了,你会为你的家人朋友准备什么礼物?”,属于应用型的开放性问题。该问题对于学生来说比较笼统,学生一时很难做出选择并用英语说出想法。教师立即将问题具体化为朋友和母亲,提示学生把“投其所好”的规则应用于所提的问题中。问题范围缩小后更具针对性,学生得以根据具体对象,选择圣诞礼物,并陈述理由。有学生从所爱出发,有学生从所需出发,而后学生更是结合两者,给出了最有说服力的选择。学生回答问题时,教师没有限制答题的思路,而是尊重学生的思维成果,允许学生发表不同见解,鼓励跳出固有思路,根据个人喜好解决问题,使学生的思维更为灵活。
(二)敢于质疑,培养思维的批判性
思维的批判性要求学生在充分考量已有信息之后,利用自己的认知判断对事物进行监控、评估和反思(林崇德,2006)。批判性思维并不是对观点的全盘接纳或否定,而是在不断的反思中寻找各方观点的合理性。在故事教学中,教师常以分析型问题的形式,对故事人物、脉络、情节、标题等发起质疑,带领学生进行辩证的分析,从而得到对故事的客观认识,在尊重他人观点的基础上发表自己的见解。案例如下:
案例二
在The Beggar一课中,一个残疾乞丐在饥饿交加时,出乎意料地得拿石头砸死了一只母鸡,教师带领学生一起分析这是否是一个意外。
T: Well, was it an accident?
Let’s have a little debate here. Yes or no? Try to find some supporting details in the passage. All right. Nicolas is ready. Speak your mind.
S1: I think it wasn’t an accident because I think accident means something suddenly happened, but I think the man killed the hen because he was really hungry. No one gave him food. So I think that the man killed the hen was sure, was waiting to happen.
T: So he wanted to do it? It wasn’t an accident. Thank you. Well, a good point. Any different opinions?
S2: I think when people suffer a lot from the hunger, he will find something for meal. It is human’s nature, so I think it isn’t an accident.
T: OK, so no again. It is human’s nature to hold something for food, all right. You please.
S3: I think it is an accident. Because it is not easy for Bill to kill the hen because he is disabled. And be careful to the word “Luckily”, I think luckily means an accident.
T: Luckily means an accident, he did it by luck. Who ready?
S4: I think we should pay attention to the hen. To the hen it’s an accident, I think.
T: To the hen it was an accident. And you?
S5: I think it is not an accident. Because he killed the hen at the first shoot. If the shoot didn’t kill the hen, he will probably have another shoot.
Ss: (laugh).
T: He has a very stupid mind to kill the hen, right? Thank you, it’s your guess. I put them. Please.
S6: I think it is an accident. Because Bill has been in the village for forty years, and during the forty years, there are always some kindness… some people with kindness offer him some food. But these two days he didn’t receive anything so I think the main reason caused the accident was a coldness from the village.
T: So because people were cold to him, nobody go, right?
S6: Yes.
T: Thank you.
这个教学片段充满了批判性的辩证思维,学生基于自己的认知,深刻反思母鸡的死亡是否是一个意外,并给出合理解释,属于开放性问题中的分析型问题。文章主要角色有三,乞丐、母鸡和村民们。前两位学生是从乞丐的角度出发,认为在饥饿的情况下,杀死母鸡是必然的,因此不是一个意外,这时学生是从文本所提供的表面信息进行判断;第三位学生鉴于乞丐残疾的事实,认为他能用石头砸死母鸡只是一个意外,并用文中词汇“Luckily”加以佐证,结合了故事背景和文本语言做出判断;第四位学生认为这对那只母鸡来说这是一个意外,可见该生善于逆向地看待问题;第五位分析问题的本质时不再停留在事实的表面,而是联想到了事件发展的其他可能性。如果乞丐第一次没砸中,他必然会砸第二次,因此母鸡的死亡不是一个意外;最后一位学生的分析更具批判性,他认为母鸡死亡的真正诱因是村民们所透露出的人性冷漠,这对于乞丐和母鸡来说都是意外。这几次回答的思维深度不断增加,前三位学生的分析基于故事背景就能作答,第四位和第五位学生的分析涉及逆向逻辑,最后一位学生的分析则需要辩证地思考,在情理中解释母鸡的死亡是一个意外。学生在不断的分析中认识到事实的本质是真理和情理的结合,在不断的反思中提升思维的批判性。
(三)另辟蹊径,发展思维的独创性
思维的独创性要求学生创造性地解决问题,敢于超越常规,重构原有知识,形成具有个人特色的创造性思维(林崇德,2006)。由于开放性问题能够给予学生自由发挥的空间更大,因而教师在发展学生思维的独创性时,应基于故事脉络设置综合型问题,鼓励学生结合个人体验解读文本,生成新颖独特的思维成果。案例如下:
案例三
在After Twenty Years的故事中,一双好朋友Bob和Jimmy相约20年后再见,结果Bob成了罪犯。Bob赴约后偶然遇上一个警察,故作淡定地闲谈了几句后继续等待Jimmy的出现。警察离开后,Jimmy露面了。Bob却发现他是一个伪装Jimmy前来逮捕自己的警察,他给了Bob一张纸条。在读后环节,教师让学生分组讨论,基于自己的理解,猜测纸条上的内容。
T: So Bob received a note from Jimmy Wells. What might be on the note? That might be surprise no. 4. And it’s your chance… to make that guess. What might be on the note? Discuss with your group members. Try to make it surprising. …Ok, good. So any one want to share with us? The girl? Yeah.
S1: Bob: when you read this note, I have been dead already. I’m sorry badly because of your crime. And I hope you will change into a good man again. Good luck! And goodbye.
T: Thank you. Bravo. Wow. Your note blows up my mind. So Jimmy Wells had been dead.
S1: Yeah.
T: Sad story, right? Well please.
S2: Bob: 20 years ago, we were agreed to play a game tonight. Do you still remember it? I play the policeman and you play the criminal. You know I was the truest man in the world. Jimmy.
T: So that is a game. Wow. That’s a good ending, right? Nobody’s a… real criminal. Everybody good. Thank you.
S3: Bob: when you are reading this word, I am besides you anywhere as well. Sorry, Bob. Perhaps I am not a good person to you but I must arrest you for other people and for your future.
T: So who was Jimmy Wells?
S3: The policeman.
T: The policeman. The policeman? The tall man?
Ss: The first …
T: The first policeman. Well. That is a wild guess. Thank you. I like the way you think. And you please.
S4: Bob: I’m sorry to that I can’t see you this night. You are my best friend forever. I’ll never forget the meeting but I can’t forgive your changing that you become a criminal. So I have asked the policeman. You know what? When you go out of the prison, I’ll waiting for you on the time.
T: Thank you. So Jimmy Wells will be the one who waits his friend out of the prison to become a good one again. That’s true friendship. Thank you. So from what you wrote, I could tell that most of… most of you thought Jimmy Wells was the one who told the police what Bob did, right? Well. Let’s read the original ending.
在这个教学片段中,教师让学生分组合作,独立思考“便条上写的是什么?”,要求学生基于故事脉络,想象便条上留下了什么话,属于开放性问题中的综合型问题。学生的思维非常活跃,真正的Jimmy已经去世的悲伤故事、只是一场游戏的有趣想象、Jimmy是先前那个警察的脑洞大开、Jimmy向警察检举并答应等他出狱的温情故事等都带有鲜明的个性,反映出初中生的性格特点,学生思维的独创性也得到发展。虽然回答该问题需要学生综合上文埋下的铺垫——先前闲谈的警察,具有一定的挑战性,但学生们仍乐于开动脑筋,运用故事中所提供的细节支撑,猜测便条上的内容。综合型问题的运用使得学生在创造中读懂故事、重组故事、升华故事,这是对故事本身的超越,促成从故事教学到故事教育的转化。
(四)由表及里,提升思维的深刻性
思维的深刻性考察学生的抽象逻辑和概括能力(林崇德,2006)。根据皮亚杰的儿童认知发展阶段理论,初中生的思维处于形式运算阶段,思维不再局限于具象的事物上,学生可以利用语言文字,在头脑中想象并重建抽象的事物和过程来解决问题(刘瑞芳,张雪峰,2018)。评价型问题可以作为故事教学的“眼睛”,在教学的最后阶段引领学生去探索故事背后所蕴藏的深刻道理。因此,教师在设置开放性问题发展学生思维的深刻性时,还需要注意分解难题,顺着学生的思路,分步骤地引导学生挖掘故事的精髓,避免生硬的说教。案例如下:
案例四
在After Twenty Years的故事中,教师在揭开故事谜底——Jimmy就是之前和Bob闲谈的警察之后,抛出一个评价型问题,询问学生对Jimmy的看法。
T: Jimmy Wells was a policeman, right? And he was the one who talk to Bob at first. What do you think of Jimmy? Think for a while. And we will share. Do you think Jimmy Wells was a good friend? Or a good policeman? What do you think of him? Do you need a discussion? Yes or no?
Ss: Yes…
T: Do you think he did the right thing? To arrest Bob, his best friend, his best friend who was like a brother?
S1: Yes, but not a good friend.
T: Yeah, that’s a great opinion. I like that. And, what do you think?
S2: I think Jimmy is responsible and he is good to his friends, because he let his friend turn over a new live and to be a better man.
T: Yeah, so maybe he would become a new and better man in the prison. And you think that it’s a nice friend to put the best friend into a prison?
S3: They give a chance to let him change himself, changing himself.
T: I think a good friend should give Bob another chance –run. So you be a better man next time. Why didn’t he give him another chance to run away? Was the prison the only place to make a man become better again?So what do you think?A good friend? A good policeman as well? OK.
S4: I think Jimmy is a good policeman, but not a very good friend.
T: Why do you think so?
S4: Because when his friends do something bad, he takes him into the prison. But he chooses between friendship and…
Ss: Responsibility.
T: Responsibility of being a policeman. And do you think he made the right choice?
S4: Yes, I think. Because he gave Bob chance to change himself into a good person.
T: Yeah, thank you. As the saying goes, “a true friendship should always be the aid of virtue, not the helper of sin.” So yes, I agree with you that Jimmy Wells did the right thing.
教师在课堂的最后环节设置了评价型的开放性问题,鼓励学生发表对Jimmy逮捕Bob的看法。首先,教师提问“Jimmy是否是个好朋友或好警察?你认为他怎么样?”学生一致认为Jimmy是个好警察,但对他是否是一个好朋友的看法各不相同。有学生认为他不该出卖好朋友,有学生则认为Jimmy是为了Bob能够改过自新。接着,教师利用“好朋友会把挚友送进监狱吗? ”和“Jimmy为什么不给Bob第二次机会逃跑?只有在监狱才能改过自新吗?” 两问来迷惑学生,挑战学生对Jimmy的声援。在这个环节,有学生思考时遇到阻碍,出现错误,认为Jimmy算不上好朋友,因为他选择了责任,放弃了友谊。而后,教师追问“你认为他是否做出了正确的选择?”学生再一次反思Jimmy忍痛逮捕Bob的原因,体会Jimmy期盼Bob洗心革面的良苦用心。通过这几个开放性问题,学生对故事的印象不会单单停留在Jimmy是好是坏的层面,还有对人物所表现出来的人生抉择和价值观念的深刻理解。
四、结语
随着新时代的到来,发展学生思维品质的重要性正在逐渐凸显。教材的合理运用、课堂问题的有效设置是提升学生思维品质的保障。故事教学作为初中生英语阅读能力发展的重要途径,也肩负着提升初中生思维品质的重要使命。对于在初中故事阅读教学中运用开放性问题发展学生的思维品质,教师应注意以下几点:
① 关注思维的灵活性,需要教师在提出应用型问题后细化问题,鼓励学生善用规则、举一反三。在适时引导的同时,又不能限制学生的思路;
② 培养思维的批判性,需要教师在设置分析型问题时结合学生的认知模式,促使学生联合文本语言和故事内涵不断反思,在批判中发现客观事实;
③ 发展思维的独创性,需要教师充分考虑学生的个体特性,所设综合型问题要激发学生丰富的想象力、蓬勃的创造力,综合全文铺垫,填补故事留白;
④ 提升思维的深刻性,需要教师通过评价型问题掀开人物的面纱,由表及里,分解难题,引导学生透过故事的表层信息看到故事背后的寓意。
初中故事阅读课不是简单的讲故事、学语言,更重要的是能够推动学生思维品质的培养。故事中所蕴含的道理不是生硬的说教,而是潜移默化的贯彻;思维品质的发展不再依托模式化的教学活动,而是蕴藏在故事情节的理解中。开放性问题在故事课中的运用,赋予了语言课堂思维的灵魂,保证了初中生英语学习的有效性。
注:本文系中国英语阅读教育研究院“十三五”规划第一期专项课题《中学英语阅读课师生互动及其有效性研究》(GERA1351105)研究成果。
参考文献
[1] Hunkins, F. The Influence of Analysis and Evaluation Questions on Achievement in Sixth Grade Social Studies[J]. Educational Leadership, 1968(1):311.
[2] 常冬雪, 张海燕. 小学生批判性思维的培养——基于英文绘本教学[J]. 考试周刊,2017(75): 100-101.
[3] 韩笑雨. 在英语故事教学中发展学生思维品质的策略[J]. 教育实践与研究(A), 2018(6): 36-41.
[4] 胡芳芳.小学英语课堂提问设计的调查研究–基于布鲁姆教育目标理论的视角[D]. 福建师范大学, 2017.
[5] 蒋健妹, 秦益锋. 聚焦学生素养,培养思维品质[J]. 阅读, 2016(44): 36-38.
[6] 李静. 高中英语教师课堂提问特点及学生反馈的调查研究[D]. 鲁东大学, 2014.
[7] 林崇德. 思维心理学研究的几点回顾[J]. 北京师范大学学报(社会科学版), 2006(5):35-42.
[8] 林文衡. 基于思维品质发展的英语故事复述教学实证研究——以思维导图在高考英语听说考试备考中的运用为例[J]. 英语教师, 2018(21):32-35.
[9] 刘瑞芳, 张雪峰. 皮亚杰认知发展理论与儿童阅读推广工作[J]. 河南图书馆学刊, 2018 (06):8-10.
[10] 鲁子问. 英语教育促进思维品质发展的内涵与可能[J]. 英语学习, 2016(5):6-12.
[11] 沈伟力,牟金江. 巧用简笔连环画,提升小学生英语学科思维品质[J]. 基础教育外语教学研究, 2017(6):41-46.
[12] 王洪霞. 在初中英语故事阅读教学中培养学生思维品质的实践探索[J]. 英语教师, 2017(24): 124-129,152.
[13] 谢丽君. 如何在英语故事阅读教学中培养初中学生的思维品质[J]. 英语教师, 2018(12): 100-102.
[14] 杨泽飞. 高中英语阅读中“思维品质”的培养研究——以天津市小站第一中学为例[D]. 华中师范大学, 2017.
An Analysis of the Development of Thinking Traits through English Open Questions for Junior Students
Yang Congcong Luo Xiaojie
Abstract: To improve children’s thinking traits, English stories have been recommended by teachers in secondary schools. In story-reading lessons, open questions are set to enlighten students and develop their thinking traits. Based on several teaching cases, through class observation and discourse analysis, this paper is to discuss how open questions (application questions, analysis questions, synthesis questions and evaluation questions) are applied to develop primary students’ thinking as flexible, critical, creative and profound in story teaching.
Key words: open questions; thinking traits; English teaching in middle school; story teaching
(本文首次发表在《基础教育外语教学研究》2019年第4期)
本文来自凋颜投稿,不代表胡巴网立场,如若转载,请注明出处:http://www.hu85.com/81921.html
版权声明:本文内容由互联网用户自发贡献,该文观点仅代表作者本人。本站仅提供信息存储空间服务,不拥有所有权,不承担相关法律责任。如发现本站有涉嫌抄袭侵权/违法违规的内容, 请发送邮件至 xxxxx@qq.com 举报,一经查实,本站将立刻删除。